Studies on The Production of Crackle Finished Leather

The Art of Crackle Finish Leather

Crackle finish is an interesting finish that gives the appearance of age on the surface of painted pieces. This finish uses a commercial product and requires two colors of paint – one for the undertones and the other for the top.

A crackle finish, method of forming a crackle finish and a kit for forming a crackle finish. The crackle finish includes a base coat of latex paint or stain on a surface to be treated. A crackle coating is applied over the base coat and dried to tack dry or completely dried. A latex wood filler is applied over the crackle medium. As the latex wood filler dries, it forms islands or domains separated by cracks or valleys revealing glimpses of the underlying base coat.

A crackle glaze or varnish is a finish which creates a crackled effect. Many people use crackle glazes for antiquing, because peeling, crackled paint has an old-fashioned look which goes especially well with restored furniture. Crackle glazes can be used on a wide range of things including pottery, furniture, picture frames, and even walls. A number of craft stores sell materials for crackle glazing, and you can also accomplish the effect with a few supplies you probably already have around the house.

Crackle Finish- The Basic Techniques:

When a crackle finish is made, one color is laid down as a base coat and allowed to dry before a crackling medium is painted over it. Once this medium dries, another coat of color is applied, and cracks and peels start to appear almost immediately. To seal a crackle glaze, a clear varnish or polyurethane sealer can be used. This sealer also halts the crackling process so that the second layer of color doesn't flake off entirely.

The crackle glaze effect is sometimes called craqueleure, and in fine art, it is sometimes used as a tool to date artworks and establish their provenance. Forgers spend lifetimes mastering the art of a properly crackled final layer of paint in the hopes that their works will pass muster by art inspectors; a dedicated forger may infuse a craqueleure with dust and particulates from an old piece of art from the right region in case an art inspector decides to chemically analyze the finish.

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Studies on The Production of Football Leather from Cow Hide

Football Leather - All You Need to Know

Modern worldwide leather market is now a days very fond of football leather. Finished leather is also an intermediate product. Which serves as a raw material for finished leather is therefore, fashion driven, requiring more responsiveness to the market, whereas crust leather is more a commodity type product. Since 1990-91, Bangladesh have started exporting footwear and other leather goods. Bangladesh currently export leather footwear to Europe and Japan.

Leathers used for footballs are mainly chrome tanned leathers that have not been retanned or only lightly retanned in thickness of 2.5 – 3.0 mm. But generally ‘Football leather’ is not used for footballs  exclusively as it’s name might imply, but it is used for making the outer coverings for the football, the volleyball, the water polo ball, the rugby ball and many other balls of a similar nature.

Characteristic Properties of Football Leather :

1. Football leather must have high degree of resistance to the penetration of water. (great extent of water repellency)
2. It should have high tensile strength.
3. It should have high stitch tear strength.
4. It should be non-stretchy.
5. It should be non-elastic.
6. It should have good abrasive resistance.
7. It should have perfect fastness properties.
8. Its fibre structure should have low angle of weave.
9. The void space of the leather should be reduced filling with hard materials and its capillary action should be minimum.
10. It should have tightness and its elongation must not be more than 4%.
11. It should be thick (i.e. 2.1 mm-2.3 mm)
12. It should be resistant on inert in acid alkaline medium.

Principles of Football Leather Production

The Thick butt portion of cow hides are taken for making football leather. To get various desirable physical properties special care should be taken from soaking to finishing during manufacture.

Proper soaking is done with preservative. Liming is accomplished in such a way that less interfibrillary substances are removed. (i.e. Sharp liming). For high strength properties excessive swelling and splitting of the pelt should be avoided. Delimiting is done just after fleshing and without batting it is pickled.

For high strength and low stretchiness, it is tanned with high percentage of unmasked chrome and properly rechroming is done with chrome syntan to get more fullness. It is neutralized with Sodium (Na) or Potassium (K)-salts of organic acid for non-stretchiness and inertness.

Water-proofing fat liquor is used in fatliquoring with raw oil of high viscosity. After fat liquoring, chrome caping operation will be done with self basifying chrome. It is dyed with full penetrative dye. Then it is finally dried under maximum stretched condition in all direction. In finishing surface of football leather should be coated with water proofing agent in a thin finish film.

As production capacity in finished leather and leather goods is developed in Bangladesh, new jobs will be acquired, and markets will be accessed. In standard quality specification, thickness of football leather is min. 2mm. The Europe, Australian and Indian cow hides are generally thick. So, it is easier to keep the thickness 2mm. But in our country’s cow hide quality is not good for many reasons.

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Production Procedure of Men's Shoulder Bag

Till date women were recognized with the tag of most ordered beings on the planet but, now men are also queuing up for this distinction. Like women, men also want to carry their stuff in an organized manner. From cell phones to laptops, they want to keep everything in the most organized manner; hence, many companies have introduced lines of amazing men’s shoulder bag. Made of various materials, these bags are wonderfully meeting with their demands.

Any man of fashion knows that bags have become a necessary tool and style accessory. No longer seen as solely a woman’s item, men’s bags are masculine, attractive and ideal additions to any contemporary wardrobe. If you would like to dabble in the wide world of men's shoulder bag, but don’t quite know which one would suit your needs best, heed this advice: Stick with a classic type of men's shoulder bag, and you can’t go wrong.

Professionals looking for ways in which to carry necessary items in a compact and organized manner will find these bags to be the perfect answer to their prayers. The polished black colors of these bags are an additional bonus as they go so very well with a corporate image.

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Leather Crafting : A Millennia Old Art

From the very beginning of human civilization, we’ve a quite tight relationship with leather and leather crafting. Primitive men used it for protecting their body from harsh weather. As we developed our living standards, we’ve also bring some changes in the way how we use animal skin and where to use them. Archaeologists found many leather goods in Egyptian tombs dated back to 1300BC! Leather was a symbol a social status in many civilizations like- Egyptians, Greeks and Romans.

A huge change have been introduced in the trend of both manufacturing and fashion. Automated machines get involved in every steps of leather processing as well as creating the final products. But, there's still a competitive popularity of the craftsmanship in the creation of master pieces using leather.

There's a big demand of hand crafted leather goods in the world market and we have all the resources available to dominate the market. All it needs is a open mind with lots of imagination.

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Studies on The Manufacturing Procedure of Book Binding Leather

The decayed leather binding with a flaking or powdery surface and a broken spine is an all too common sight in many book collections. Bindings in this condition will remain a perpetual and ever increasing problem unless binders ensure the leather they use has a long term resistance to acidic atmospheric pollutants. Binders tend to select leather on aesthetic appearance and the way the leather handles during the binding operations. Insufficient consideration is given to the durability of the leather, but unfortunately there is little to guide the purchaser with regard to this property.

However the last eight years have seen the development of a combination tannage involving both vegetable tannins and aluminum salts that confers on the binding leather a markedly increased resistance to atmospheric pollutants. Such archival quality leathers with this semi-aluminum tannage are now being produced commercially and this paper describes the rigorous testing to which such leathers have been subjected in order to demonstrate their superior durability.

Book-binding leather are more softy usually full vegetable tanned leathers made from goat, sheep and calf skins. Book-binding leather should be-

• Book-binding leather must have very good tensile strength.
• Book-binding leather must have resistance to perspiration fastness.
• The grain finished leathers should be well let out to give a smooth grain surface.
• The grain-break should be free from looseness and pipyness.
• Book-binding have water -proof.
• Book-binding have by lasting 100-150 years.
• Book-binding leather have good tearing strength.
• Aesthetic feel.
• Used dye should not be pH sensitive.
• Light fastness not less than rating 4 on the blue wool scale.
• The fat content should not be less than 4% of the leather weight.

We are living new millenniums. Technology is growing rich every day. People demand is increasing. Many competitors are waiting in market to fulfill their demands. If we want to survive in this competition we have to acquire modern technology. Technology never now without successful experiment.

It is a fact that we are accustomed to use leather goods in our life to a large extent. Further more using leather goods are also a matter of status and prestige in many countries. As observed, it is easy to make book binding with leather but difficult to maintain it’s quality. For this reason, I took low graded goat skin and turned it to quality book binding leather. All the way of my project work I always give a though of quality and production cost.

Foreign currency can be gained in a significant way which may develop the country economy as raw materials and labor are two most important factor but available in our country.

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Marketing Strategies for Export and Local Market of Footwear in Bangladesh

The Footwear Industry in Bangladesh is at its early stage of development. 'there was no mechanized Footwear Industry in the country until early 1900's and the footwear manufacturing was limited to cottage and family level small factories. The first mechanized industry, Bata Shoe Co. (Bangladesh) Ltd., a multinational enterprise, carte into being in the then East Pakistan in 1962. Followed by Eastern Progressive Shot industries (LPSI) and Bengal Leather which used to produce mainly for domestic supply. Indeed, the shoe industry started featuring in Bangladesh in 1990 with the introduction of encouraging government policy measures of granting fiscal and financial incentives for production of leather footwear in the country for export. There has been a rapid growth in footwear production capacity. Both complete leather shoes and sports shoes manufacturing for export during last decade. 'there arc now about 42 mechanized, and over 4.500 non-mechanized small and cottage level units in Bangladesh producing various types of footwear for both domestic market and export. Most of the mechanized units are export oriented.

Global trade in leather sector is around US $ 65 billion yearly. Bangladesh share only 0.60 % (US $ 390 million) while is by improving finished leather output say by 20% additionally the export in leather trade is expected to be within the region of US $ 500 million. This means, the potentials in the leather sector is enormous. But the concentration of the tanneries in Hazaribagh location is certainly and hole up in further improving the tannery operation at large.

The export earnings from leather products have increased significantly. Footwear sector has the potentiality of earning a huge amount of foreign exchange to develop our country economy as well. Globalization has made the market competitive .Nevertheless, availability of raw materials; lowest labor can draw extra advantages for Bangladesh footwear export. With the arrangements of quality raw materials, well trained workforce in management, marketing toward global aspect, pollution free separate leather state, common facility center for SME, leather board and leather research institute are the factors to get the highest feedback from this sector.

Bangladesh needs entrepreneurs for this developing sector. It is a fact that lack of expert is a unique problem for this sector. On the other hand, B.Sc in footwear technology, the new subject and the first addition in Bangladesh College of Leather Technology may be the possible solution to get a way to develop the sector in a significant way.

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