Safety Complainces of Footwear Industry in Bangladesh

Safety compliance is the totality of rules, regulation operating in a working place of which an employer and an employee are bound to obey; some of them are either mandatory or directory. The notion of safety compliance is to ensure the security of life of a worker, to keep environment workable and to prefect the environment from pollution.

Points Extracted from The Study

1. Oriented and established shoe industries in Bangladesh maintain the Safety Compliance.
2. Now a days the small and medium enterprise of shoe production also becoming more concern about Safety Compliance day by day as they also trying to enter to the world market.
3. The application of the most effective concept “ Ergonomics” is not up to mark in shoe industries in Bangladesh, despite of its high performance in safety and productivity.
4. Most of our shoe industries are not enough conscious about the Safety Compliance during chemical handling and using.

It is important to be aware on compliance specially safety compliance for the future business, Small and Medium Entrepreneurs and footwear industries. Because in future the industrial compliance will get rigorous in attitude for export market.

Making of a Florence Leather Box

Florence Leather Boxes are usually used for keeping various small items like jewelery, cigar and so on. These hand crafted box have the attractiveness to catch the eye and it's really easy to make one. A mold is used to give the shape of of the box and wax finish to give the slick and shiny look. We can use other decorative materials like stones or can use brush paints to give a elegant look to the final product.

Materials and Tools for Florence Leather Box:

1. Mold: A mold is required for conforming the shape of the box. Wooden molds are preferred for this box as it is easy to handle and comparatively cheap in price.
2. Leather: Vegetable tanned leathers are preferred for Florence Leather Box construction.
3. Adhesive: Water base adhesives are preferred.
4. Others: Different finishing and decorative materials depending on your design.

Studies on The Effect of Various Kind of Protin Binder to Produce High Quality Glaze Kid Leather

Glaze kid leather is a light fine high-class shoe upper leather. Principle of glaze kid leather is designed depending its. Like, full in substance, tine, smooth, lightly, glossy soft to feel, resilient, and non-stretchy etc, and also from, its physical quality requirements. On the whole its principle can be summarized in the following way.

Goat skin has length 70-90 cm without any defect and disease may be chosen for glaze kid leather. Soaking is done in as usual manner, prolonged soaking is avoided as far as possible, because it may loose hide substance though, and bacteria attack.

Liming is sharp and not very prolonged. Unhairing by painting is usually done because it keeps the goat hair unaffected, which is an important by product of glaze kid leather. After painting pelts are also impedes in flesh lime liquor with certain quality of sharpening agent. After liming, sharp declining and bedding is done. After deliming and bating pelts should be flaccid, silky grain, clean and should lie in any position in which it is kept.

Cr – attaining can be done following both single and double bath process, but best known process according to the practice of Dr.belaveky’s is the skins are treated with chrome alum and dichromate in the same bath to which, after some time, hypo and acid are added. Liquor of anning should not mask.

Neutralization should done with mild alkalis and pH should be near scout 4.8. it will be better if we can avoid neutralizing syntax. Retaining is carried out in a way that there in no surface deposition.

Direct dyes have been found to have good affinity for chrome leather, acid dyes are also need. Basic dye is used to increase brilliancy in the toping. It must note contain any kind fat or oils to its surface and fat contain should not exceed 6-8%. Mainly used synthetic and semi-synthetic fat because sulphited fats are highly penetrative and make leather too soft and natural bats have very poor fixing power. So may come out on pressure. Finishing is very vital in glaze kid leather. It is essential to use smallest possible quality of pigment finish to preserve the natural grain of goatskins and to impart smooth and soft feel. It should be resistant to dry and wet rubbing and also key test should not break the finish film until the it is cracked by key test, in season coats, now-a days caseins based water pigment finishes employed, smooth grain. Top coat, protein binders, poly amide etc, used. Fixing is done by HCHO.

Protein binder has very good effect upon glaze kid leather. It can cover most of the type of defect of the grain. Protein are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent and are opaque. Protein has very low binding effect. So it need to mix with wax emulsion and polyurethane impart good gloss on the leather. But if there were some resin it will destroy the protein binder capacity. After completing various type of testing it is found the finished glace kid leather has made in fine quality and in Bangladesh we can make glace kid leather which will not be expensive for us and it will not take more money to produce high quality glazed kid leather as export quality.

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Studies on The Manufacturing Procedure of Hand Gloves

A Hand Glove (came from Old English glof) is defined as a covering for the hand with an individual sheath for each of the fingers and the thumb. This definition includes gloves with partial coverings for the fingers and thumb, such as bicycle gloves. Gloves have separate sheaths or openings for each finger and the thumb; if there is an opening but no covering sheath for each finger they are called "fingerless gloves". Fingerless gloves with one large opening rather than individual openings for each finger are sometimes called gauntlets. Glove which cover the entire, hand butt do not have separate finger openings or sheaths are called mittens.

Today's world is very much fashionable and also sincere about their safety. So, to protect the hand from frost and damage in riding bike, there is no alternative of using safety gloves. Glove making is a little bit difficult I think. Sometimes it needs some heavy machinery to make quality gloves. Bangladesh could have a good prospect, if we invest and make proper utilize of them.

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Studies on The Production of Crackle Finished Leather

The Art of Crackle Finish Leather

Crackle finish is an interesting finish that gives the appearance of age on the surface of painted pieces. This finish uses a commercial product and requires two colors of paint – one for the undertones and the other for the top.

A crackle finish, method of forming a crackle finish and a kit for forming a crackle finish. The crackle finish includes a base coat of latex paint or stain on a surface to be treated. A crackle coating is applied over the base coat and dried to tack dry or completely dried. A latex wood filler is applied over the crackle medium. As the latex wood filler dries, it forms islands or domains separated by cracks or valleys revealing glimpses of the underlying base coat.

A crackle glaze or varnish is a finish which creates a crackled effect. Many people use crackle glazes for antiquing, because peeling, crackled paint has an old-fashioned look which goes especially well with restored furniture. Crackle glazes can be used on a wide range of things including pottery, furniture, picture frames, and even walls. A number of craft stores sell materials for crackle glazing, and you can also accomplish the effect with a few supplies you probably already have around the house.

Crackle Finish- The Basic Techniques:

When a crackle finish is made, one color is laid down as a base coat and allowed to dry before a crackling medium is painted over it. Once this medium dries, another coat of color is applied, and cracks and peels start to appear almost immediately. To seal a crackle glaze, a clear varnish or polyurethane sealer can be used. This sealer also halts the crackling process so that the second layer of color doesn't flake off entirely.

The crackle glaze effect is sometimes called craqueleure, and in fine art, it is sometimes used as a tool to date artworks and establish their provenance. Forgers spend lifetimes mastering the art of a properly crackled final layer of paint in the hopes that their works will pass muster by art inspectors; a dedicated forger may infuse a craqueleure with dust and particulates from an old piece of art from the right region in case an art inspector decides to chemically analyze the finish.

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Studies on The Production of Football Leather from Cow Hide

Football Leather - All You Need to Know

Modern worldwide leather market is now a days very fond of football leather. Finished leather is also an intermediate product. Which serves as a raw material for finished leather is therefore, fashion driven, requiring more responsiveness to the market, whereas crust leather is more a commodity type product. Since 1990-91, Bangladesh have started exporting footwear and other leather goods. Bangladesh currently export leather footwear to Europe and Japan.

Leathers used for footballs are mainly chrome tanned leathers that have not been retanned or only lightly retanned in thickness of 2.5 – 3.0 mm. But generally ‘Football leather’ is not used for footballs  exclusively as it’s name might imply, but it is used for making the outer coverings for the football, the volleyball, the water polo ball, the rugby ball and many other balls of a similar nature.

Characteristic Properties of Football Leather :

1. Football leather must have high degree of resistance to the penetration of water. (great extent of water repellency)
2. It should have high tensile strength.
3. It should have high stitch tear strength.
4. It should be non-stretchy.
5. It should be non-elastic.
6. It should have good abrasive resistance.
7. It should have perfect fastness properties.
8. Its fibre structure should have low angle of weave.
9. The void space of the leather should be reduced filling with hard materials and its capillary action should be minimum.
10. It should have tightness and its elongation must not be more than 4%.
11. It should be thick (i.e. 2.1 mm-2.3 mm)
12. It should be resistant on inert in acid alkaline medium.

Principles of Football Leather Production

The Thick butt portion of cow hides are taken for making football leather. To get various desirable physical properties special care should be taken from soaking to finishing during manufacture.

Proper soaking is done with preservative. Liming is accomplished in such a way that less interfibrillary substances are removed. (i.e. Sharp liming). For high strength properties excessive swelling and splitting of the pelt should be avoided. Delimiting is done just after fleshing and without batting it is pickled.

For high strength and low stretchiness, it is tanned with high percentage of unmasked chrome and properly rechroming is done with chrome syntan to get more fullness. It is neutralized with Sodium (Na) or Potassium (K)-salts of organic acid for non-stretchiness and inertness.

Water-proofing fat liquor is used in fatliquoring with raw oil of high viscosity. After fat liquoring, chrome caping operation will be done with self basifying chrome. It is dyed with full penetrative dye. Then it is finally dried under maximum stretched condition in all direction. In finishing surface of football leather should be coated with water proofing agent in a thin finish film.

As production capacity in finished leather and leather goods is developed in Bangladesh, new jobs will be acquired, and markets will be accessed. In standard quality specification, thickness of football leather is min. 2mm. The Europe, Australian and Indian cow hides are generally thick. So, it is easier to keep the thickness 2mm. But in our country’s cow hide quality is not good for many reasons.

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Production Procedure of Men's Shoulder Bag

Till date women were recognized with the tag of most ordered beings on the planet but, now men are also queuing up for this distinction. Like women, men also want to carry their stuff in an organized manner. From cell phones to laptops, they want to keep everything in the most organized manner; hence, many companies have introduced lines of amazing men’s shoulder bag. Made of various materials, these bags are wonderfully meeting with their demands.

Any man of fashion knows that bags have become a necessary tool and style accessory. No longer seen as solely a woman’s item, men’s bags are masculine, attractive and ideal additions to any contemporary wardrobe. If you would like to dabble in the wide world of men's shoulder bag, but don’t quite know which one would suit your needs best, heed this advice: Stick with a classic type of men's shoulder bag, and you can’t go wrong.

Professionals looking for ways in which to carry necessary items in a compact and organized manner will find these bags to be the perfect answer to their prayers. The polished black colors of these bags are an additional bonus as they go so very well with a corporate image.

Leather Crafting : A Millennia Old Art

From the very beginning of human civilization, we’ve a quite tight relationship with leather and leather crafting. Primitive men used it for protecting their body from harsh weather. As we developed our living standards, we’ve also bring some changes in the way how we use animal skin and where to use them. Archaeologists found many leather goods in Egyptian tombs dated back to 1300BC! Leather was a symbol a social status in many civilizations like- Egyptians, Greeks and Romans.

A huge change have been introduced in the trend of both manufacturing and fashion. Automated machines get involved in every steps of leather processing as well as creating the final products. But, there's still a competitive popularity of the craftsmanship in the creation of master pieces using leather.

There's a big demand of hand crafted leather goods in the world market and we have all the resources available to dominate the market. All it needs is a open mind with lots of imagination.

Studies on The Manufacturing Procedure of Book Binding Leather

The decayed leather binding with a flaking or powdery surface and a broken spine is an all too common sight in many book collections. Bindings in this condition will remain a perpetual and ever increasing problem unless binders ensure the leather they use has a long term resistance to acidic atmospheric pollutants. Binders tend to select leather on aesthetic appearance and the way the leather handles during the binding operations. Insufficient consideration is given to the durability of the leather, but unfortunately there is little to guide the purchaser with regard to this property.

However the last eight years have seen the development of a combination tannage involving both vegetable tannins and aluminum salts that confers on the binding leather a markedly increased resistance to atmospheric pollutants. Such archival quality leathers with this semi-aluminum tannage are now being produced commercially and this paper describes the rigorous testing to which such leathers have been subjected in order to demonstrate their superior durability.

Book-binding leather are more softy usually full vegetable tanned leathers made from goat, sheep and calf skins. Book-binding leather should be-

• Book-binding leather must have very good tensile strength.
• Book-binding leather must have resistance to perspiration fastness.
• The grain finished leathers should be well let out to give a smooth grain surface.
• The grain-break should be free from looseness and pipyness.
• Book-binding have water -proof.
• Book-binding have by lasting 100-150 years.
• Book-binding leather have good tearing strength.
• Aesthetic feel.
• Used dye should not be pH sensitive.
• Light fastness not less than rating 4 on the blue wool scale.
• The fat content should not be less than 4% of the leather weight.

We are living new millenniums. Technology is growing rich every day. People demand is increasing. Many competitors are waiting in market to fulfill their demands. If we want to survive in this competition we have to acquire modern technology. Technology never now without successful experiment.

It is a fact that we are accustomed to use leather goods in our life to a large extent. Further more using leather goods are also a matter of status and prestige in many countries. As observed, it is easy to make book binding with leather but difficult to maintain it’s quality. For this reason, I took low graded goat skin and turned it to quality book binding leather. All the way of my project work I always give a though of quality and production cost.

Foreign currency can be gained in a significant way which may develop the country economy as raw materials and labor are two most important factor but available in our country.

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Marketing Strategies for Export and Local Market of Footwear in Bangladesh

The Footwear Industry in Bangladesh is at its early stage of development. 'there was no mechanized Footwear Industry in the country until early 1900's and the footwear manufacturing was limited to cottage and family level small factories. The first mechanized industry, Bata Shoe Co. (Bangladesh) Ltd., a multinational enterprise, carte into being in the then East Pakistan in 1962. Followed by Eastern Progressive Shot industries (LPSI) and Bengal Leather which used to produce mainly for domestic supply. Indeed, the shoe industry started featuring in Bangladesh in 1990 with the introduction of encouraging government policy measures of granting fiscal and financial incentives for production of leather footwear in the country for export. There has been a rapid growth in footwear production capacity. Both complete leather shoes and sports shoes manufacturing for export during last decade. 'there arc now about 42 mechanized, and over 4.500 non-mechanized small and cottage level units in Bangladesh producing various types of footwear for both domestic market and export. Most of the mechanized units are export oriented.

Global trade in leather sector is around US $ 65 billion yearly. Bangladesh share only 0.60 % (US $ 390 million) while is by improving finished leather output say by 20% additionally the export in leather trade is expected to be within the region of US $ 500 million. This means, the potentials in the leather sector is enormous. But the concentration of the tanneries in Hazaribagh location is certainly and hole up in further improving the tannery operation at large.

The export earnings from leather products have increased significantly. Footwear sector has the potentiality of earning a huge amount of foreign exchange to develop our country economy as well. Globalization has made the market competitive .Nevertheless, availability of raw materials; lowest labor can draw extra advantages for Bangladesh footwear export. With the arrangements of quality raw materials, well trained workforce in management, marketing toward global aspect, pollution free separate leather state, common facility center for SME, leather board and leather research institute are the factors to get the highest feedback from this sector.

Bangladesh needs entrepreneurs for this developing sector. It is a fact that lack of expert is a unique problem for this sector. On the other hand, B.Sc in footwear technology, the new subject and the first addition in Bangladesh College of Leather Technology may be the possible solution to get a way to develop the sector in a significant way.

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Sole Bonding System of PVC Soling Materials With Different Upper Materials

Over the last 40 years there has been a major change in soling materials used in the Footwear trade. Leather has been the traditional soling material for Footwear. But in 1980 only about 5% of shoes have leather soles. Nowadays most soles are made of rubber or plastics which are classed as synthetic soling materials. So new types of soling needs new types of adhesion method or technique with different types of upper materials.

The scientific study of adhesion is quite new and its name, Zygology, is scarcely known. Zygology is the science of joining things which includes the study of adhesion and of welding, riveting and all forms of mechanical jointing. It includes the principle of -

Specific Adhesion: It gives a chemical bond between the adhesive and the surfaces being joined. The adhesive, therefore, does not have to penetrate the material but is bonded to the material by chemical action.

Mechanical Adhesion: It gives a physical bond which the adhesive `keys' in to the fibers or structures of the material to be bonded.

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Studies on The Manufacturing of Standard Passport Case

Passport case is a kind of small leather goods used for carrying passport and some small articles like credit card, identity card, stamp, coin etc.

Man has gone a long way from the days of primitiveness and so has gone leather. Today the role of leather is varied and vast. The products made from leather lend themselves to an enormous variety of both useful and fashionable items, which bear a need and asset in modern life. A extensive range of colors and designs widen the selection range which encourage the prospective consumers to put this products multiphase, be it fashionable or functional. Hence the study of materials is very important in the manufacture of leather goods.

Present and Future Prospect of Passport Case

A passport being a long time useable article needs to be protected from rubbing, exposure to dust, dirt, water, blazing sun etc. At present only a few people have got used to using it but in future its use will get and upward trend.

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Studies on The Quality Control Procedure of Cutting Department in Footwear Industry

To increase the productivity of any footwear industry, the cutting department is most important department. Because to prepare any type of shoe, quality starts from cutting department. Every cutter has knowledge about quality of materials and cutting direction to make quality shoe. The productivity of cutting department depends on cutter. For this reason a special bonus can pay to every cutter. For example, we can pay bonus according to new pointing system, which is also, increase productivity, material saved, quality control and skilled worker. To apply this new pointing system, the productivity of any footwear industry can increased.

In order to produce products like footwear resources in the form of man, machine, material and money are required. And the more efficient use of resources is ensured, the more goods and services will be produced. By this process of efficient use and effective utilization of resources the economic system can attain self-sustain growth. And in fact, this efficient use and effective utilization of resources is truly productivity, which is essential element and successful strategy for the well-being of the individuals. Productivity improvement is not just doing things better but doing the right things better. The right things or more specifically factors influencing productivity is the prime concern for productivity program managers. Inter-linked and interrelationship among these factors are vital and should be balanced and co-ordinate into an integrated whole. These influencing factors are macro and variable relating to external and internal factors as well as job related, resource related and environment related factors.

Footwear sector has its drawbacks due to some invaluable facilities and tremendous prospect. This sector has the potentiality of earning a lot of foreign exchange after the fulfillment of local demand. But the sector needs careful handling as well as proper directions and guidelines to heading towards the foreign market to deserve the best among the Shoe exporting countries.

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Studies on The Effects of Enzyme in Leather Processing

The use of enzymes in leather processing has a long and colorful history and a brief outline of this fascinating subject may perhaps help to put our present preoccupations into some perspective. Enzyme dependent processes have been employed in leather making for thousands of years. The enzymatic degradation of individual components of skins such as derma tin soleplate proteoglycan or elastin that can occur during bating process to achieve specific production objects, for example, the development of rapid unhairing liming processes or the production of more open or relaxed fiber structure.

The enzymatic formulations used in the beam house are [1] soaking sides for salted and dry raw hides and preserved fur skin [2] unhairing formulations for all types of hides and skins.[3]alkaline bates for scud removal and opening up of fiber structure [4]acid bates for blue chrome and fur skins [5] enzymatic degreasing agents for greasy skins and [6] enzymatic formulations for by production utilization.

Tanning is a process of converting participle outer covering of animals to no participle leathers with definite physical, chemical and biological properties so that they can be used in our daily life and industries. Before going into details, if necessary to discuss a little bit about the composition of hides and skins.

Reasons for using enzyme

1. Improve the quality.
2. Get a better yield.
3. Environment friendly.

Among these, protein is the only most important material for leather making 64 percent to 94 percent of the solid matters of the hides and skins are tot fibrous proteins known as albumin and musing are found in hides and skins. During soaking liming, bating, most of soluble proteins and fibrous proteins like keratin, reticular etc are removed. Then the white collagen fibers are tanned to usable leather.

Most of the enzymes used in the tannery processing are still of the proteolysis type, required to selectively degrade the peptide bonds of the different non collagen us proteins of hides and skins whilst avoiding any damage to the collagen itself.

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Studies on The Manufacturing of CD Box

CD Box plays an important part in leather goods industry. The global market for leather goods is very rich and increasing day by day on the basis of product supplement. Most of the leather products and goods industry manufacture a huge amount of CD box cover using box work procedure, as it has a great value in local and international market. So it is desirable for me to complete a project work on studies on the construction and development of CD box cover using box work procedure for the international market. In my project work I look after every section of CD box cover using box work procedure manufacturing process,, firstly pattern making, leather cutting, cementing, assembling, then quality checking and lastly approving.

This works help increase manufacturing knowledge of leather goods and products. To earn practical knowledge for reducing cost, wastage and time, to appraise how well resources are utilized, to improve the cutting, clicking, stitching and assembling process to reveal problem area. To be efficient and successful in my position in a reputed organization where it is possible to explore talent and potentials to the fullest and thus make a contribution of the organization’s growth as well as personal growth and move to self actualization.

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Fashionable Court Shoe by Using Stingray Fish

The ladies court shoe style has been with us for several centuries: a simple, sleek, slip on shoe with a heel of various heights and shapes. The court shoe style itself has been subject to thousands of fashion variation and treatments. The court shoe received great impetus with the invention of elasticized goring in 1837 by j. sparkes hall, boot maker to queen victoria the new hugfit of the court shoe with out benefit of fastening delighted the queen and the court shoe rose rapidly in popularity.

It has an unbroken top line and the top line will be bellow the vamp point. The name derived from a style of shoe once worn “at court”.

It is also called “pump shoe” why do we call it “pump”? the name derived from the carriage foot men of England, who ware called “pump”. they wore a standard uniform shoe, a plain, simple slip on.

When the British gentry adopted the style tough in much more elaborate form, they retained the word “pump” in French, the word “pompe” means an ornaments, though there seems to be no link with the pump shoe style.

Stingray is a cartilaginous fish of the family Dasyatidae or Urolophidae, having a flattened diamond shaped body and a poisonous spine at the base of the tail. It’s mainly sea fish. It’s available in our country. But raw Stingray fish leather is mostly found in Thailand, Australia and some other country.

Stingray leather has become a new fashion statement trend in the world leather peerless style to accessories. Stingray leather creates a wide new range of possibilities for original designs for wallets, belts, shoes, garments and other leather accessories market.

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Manufacturing Process and Unit Operation of A Gilet

Leather has played in important role in day to day life of mankind from immemorial. From ancient civilization to modern times, leather has been used by the human race in one form on the other its daily life, and it is discovered and rediscovered every where and it seems that mankind can hardly do without this useful material.

Modernization and increasing value addition were the watch words for achieving accelerated export grown in the leather industry. The project report has covered in confined form from the very beginning operation of leather garments (Gilet) selection of leather to the finishing operation packing.

Designing

Designing is an important process in the manufacture of leather goods. In the principal of designing, a good design should be easy for fabrication & selling.

The design should be simple when it is converted into production as much as possible, because production & productivity are the sky factors for successful commercial venture. Assembling of too many components for multi-purpose functions must be avoided as much as possible. It affects the important aspects of designing namely, size, shape, structure attraction & value appearance. In good designing, techniques & technical skills very important. A good design should not impart the functions of the products for which they are manufactured.

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Production of Fashionable Ladies Sandal

For most of us living in Bangladesh, the idea of the fashion is dear to all. When we speak on fashion we usually think of a fun and frivolous word of beautiful people in exotic, often unwearable sandal or shoe and that's all. We viewed the word of fashion as entertainment.

But now fashion is not entertainment or funny matter. Its now need. You should be fashionable or at least aware about the current fashion. Otherwise you will not treated as a smart one. Do you want to be that?

By this project work, the fashion of the ladies sandal will be observed. The materials that are commonly used to make sandal sometimes used only for functional way. The using leather is very traditional way and it has a great functional property. But this project try to prove the materials not in common such like leather also has very aesthetic look and also fulfill the functional requirement.

This project compares the uncommon materials with the common one. The denim cloth or gunny bag or velvet cloth could be the alternative of the leather, synthetic materials, not in functional way but in fashionable way.

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Studies on The Production of Oxford Shoe

Over centuries art of shoe making is getting developed and various methods shoe construction is being popular. Bangladesh is a developing country. The cost of labors is chief. There is a great demand for casual shoe not only in the world but also overall our country. Now-a-days most people want quality type footwear beyond his income limit, also to maintain social status. Quality means degree of attractiveness and zero defects as well. To produce quality type footwear one has to pay careful attention during construction of that product. Also to produce quality type casual shoe needs high quality materials. About 60% gents as well as the different ages of people also use casual type shoe. If we produce attractive type design and better quality product, footwear industry will be more profitable.

In this project work paper, an attempt is made to provide a fundamental concept on the footwear, history, pattern making, choice of last, materials etc.

In this study, I am trying to produce the better quality and cheaper casual shoe. I have used leather for upper and lining materials. As a result the price of the shoe is more or less higher than that of we demand. But if we use synthetic or fabric type material, the price will be cheaper.

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Application of Organometallic Compounds in Leather Processing

History of Organometallic Compounds

Early developments in organometallic chemistry include Louis Claude Cadet synthesis of methyl arsenic compounds related to cacodyl, William Christopher Zeise's platinum-ethylene complex, Edward Frankland discovery of dimethyl zinc, Ludwig Mond discovery of Ni(CO)4, and Victor Grignard organomagnesium compounds. The abundant and diverse products from coal and petroleum led to Ziegler-Natta, Fischer-Tropsch, hydroformylation catalysis which employ CO, H2, and alkenes as feedstocks and ligands.

Recognition of organometallic chemistry as a distinct subfield culminated in the Nobel Prizes to Ernst Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson for work on metallocenes. In 2005, Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock shared the Nobel Prize for metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis.

Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are also known as organo-inorganics, metallo-organics and metalorganics. Organometallic compounds are distinguished by the prefix "organo-" e.g. organopalladium compounds. Examples of such organometallic compounds include all Gilman and Grignard reagents which contain lithium and copper, and magnesium respectively. Tetracarbonyl nickel, and ferrocene are examples of organometallic compounds containing transition metals.

In addition to the traditional metals and semimetals, elements

such as boron, silicon, arsenic, and selenium are considered to form organometallic compounds. Examples include organomagnesium compounds such as iodo(methyl)magnesium MeMgI, diethylmagnesium (Et2Mg); organolithium compounds such as butyllithium (BuLi), organozinc compounds such as chloro(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)zinc (ClZnCH2C(=O)OEt); organocopper compounds such as lithium dimethylcuprate (Li+[CuMe2]); and organoborane compounds such as triethylborane (Et3B).

Many organometallic compounds exist in biological systems. For example, hemoglobin and myoglobin contain an iron center bonded to a porphyrin ring; magnesium is the center of a chlorin ring in chlorophyll. The specialized field of such inorganic compounds is known as bioinorganic chemistry.

Bangladesh has been a source of raw materials, ranging from hides and skins at the beginning of mostly crust and some finished leather. Since 1990-91, Bangladesh has started exporting footwear and other leather goods. Export earning from leather goods, were negligible from 1972-73 through 1989-90 averaging only Tk. 0.114 million per annum. But it has increased considerably since 1990-91 and has reached around TK. 700 million in 1993-94. It is significant that the demand of shoe upper leather is increasing in the international Market.

Keeping in mind both the points the international demand and availability of raw hides and skins. I have intended to develop a recipe for the production of shoe upper leather. Moreover, Production capacity in finished leather and leather goods is developed in Bangladesh, new jobs will be acquired, and markets will be accessed.

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Design and Product Development of Ladies Jacket Using Related Software

From time immemorial, the arts and crafts of Bangladesh are closely linked to our culture and heritage. Leather and leather products have always been a part of that heritage and after the emergence of an independent Bangladesh in 1971; the industry received a fresh impetus. Today the country earns a sizable amount of foreign exchange every year through export of leather and leather products to a number of overseas markets.

Leather & leather products industry has a potential & significant impact towards the economy of Bangladesh. The optimization in the use of resources, both human & materials is the growth potential for the economy of any country. Bangladesh possesses distinct comparative advantages foe the use of both human resources & locally available raw materials like leather. The challenge ahead is thus to attain certain objectives to remove the obstacles for the growth of a healthy export oriented leather products industry in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh entered the field of leather fashion garments with items of distinction and prestige. Leather garments can play an important role in exporting sector & can earn a lot of foreign exchange. Garments main raw material, leather is available in Bangladesh. So, it is a great opportunity to establish leather garment industry as like garments industry & play role in the economy of Bangladesh as like garment industry in Bangladesh.

Ladies jacket is an article that has both functional and decorative purpose. It is mainly used in the countries having long duration winter. After confirm the design, I have manufactured these products with the aid of software named Luggage Master (Shoe Master) -Esprite v6.03 in the section of pattern drawing and cutting.

The software provides 100% pattern accuracy and by this way it also assured the product development to a greater extent.

If the proper utilization of the software is ensured, leather garments can be one of the best export items.

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Production of Sued Leather from Wet Salted Goat Skin

A term taken from the French, "gants de Suède" (Swedish gloves), and applied to a leather finished on the flesh side by buffering so as to raise a velvet-like nap. The typical suede leather is produced from the smaller skins, such as calfskin, kidskin, lambskin and goatskin, although cowhide has also been used.

The nap is produced by buffing or wheeling the surface on the flesh side, or the split side of flesh splits; velvet suedes, however, are buffed on the grain side. A common criterion of good suede leather is that the fibers of the nap should be of uniform length and tightly packed together, in order to give a resilience to the nap so that it does not readily shown fingermarks. c The firmness of the nap depends upon the density and compactness of the fiber structure. Velvet suedes are finer than flesh suedes and a younger animal, such as a SLUNK , produces an even finer suede.

A principal concern in making suede leather is to retain the fine nap and still produce a soft leather; however, the leather must not be made soft by means of improper FAT-LIQUORING, because even a small excess of oil will produce a greasy suede nap.

Suede leather, often tooled in blind, was used in England as early as the 17th century, and in the 18th and early 19th centuries in blank book binding.

Two distinct layers will be seen-

1. Thin upper velvety layer, and
2. Thick lower compact layer.

The thin grain layer, compact but highly splitted and practically free from interfibrillary materials is like the flesh layer. The reticular sheaths around the collagen fiber bundles are completely ruptured and the fibers are separated from each other in the upper layer while in the middle portion the reticular sheaths remain intact even though sufficient degree of splitting inside the fiber bundles are maintained.

BRIEF DISCUSSION ABOUT SUEDE UPPER LEATHER PRODUCTION

Suede shoe upper leather is one of the most fashionable items in the world market. The suede shoe upper is mainly used in cold countries where the leather has to perform the role of shoe upper and garment together. In suede leather no looseness is desire and on the other hand it has to be soft in nature. So the control is very important from beam house to finishing.

The review on production of suede upper leather indicates that it requires a good understanding of science and technology of leather making, constant vigil and care during processing and abundant common sense in suitability monitoring the fee stock and the process.

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Bag Leather from Lower Grade Cow Hide

Leathers which are used for the manufacturing of different types of bag are known as bag leather. Mostly these are chrome or vegetable tanned from lower grade raw stock having thickness 1.0-1.5 mm (or above for some particular article).

Combination tanning is carried out with a combination of chrome, vegetable, synthetic or other tanning agents to improve the fullness and firmness and some other desire properties of shoe upper. The main combinations are semi-chrome and chrome-retanned leather. Leather is first tanned with vegetable and then retanned with chrome tanning agent is semi chrome retanned leather. Chrome retanned leather is softer and flexible and mostly used as shoe uppers.

PROPERTIES OF BAG LEATHER

1. The physical appearance of finished leather should look attractive with clear grain.


2. The leather must possess a soft and mellow ‘handle’ with fine and tight ‘break’ on the grain. The must be stable against repeated tensile and compressive strains and bending.


3. The leather must possess high strength properties i.e. tensile strength, stitch tear strength, split tear strength, elongation at break etc.


4. The leather must possess the hygienic property of being permeable to water vapor and air.


5. The finish on the leather should have high adhesion and must be durable against wet and dry rubbing.


6. Should be highly color fast.


7. Should have dry and wet rub fastness.

THE MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF IDEAL BAG LEATHER:

AESTHETIC APPEAL

The leather should have elegant attractive appearance. Elegant appearance requires that the grain surface must be distinguishable from that of a leather substitute and colors, gloss and grain appearance should be attractive and appeal to the buyers of the bag. The leather should retain the colour, should not stain wearer's clothes and should have ability to take polish. Not only looks but also the feel of the leather by touch in the bag are important.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The most important requirements for bag leather are good adhesion (wet and dry) rub fastness and high temperature performance during plating, hot air drying and lasting. Strength and stretch of upper materials used in shoe making are good guides for their suitability. Low strength and stretch of upper leather and consider unsuitable for use as shoe uppers.

The important physical properties of upper leather which determine its suitability use in shoe making are:

1. Tensile strength


2. Stitch tear strength


3. Split tear strength


4. Elongation at break


5. Distension at grain crack

Modern worldwide leather market is now a days very fond of bag leather. Finished leather is also an intermediate product. Which serves as a raw material for finished leather is therefore, fashion driven, requiring more responsiveness to the market, whereas crust leather is more a commodity type product. Bangladesh currently exports leather bags to Europe and Japan.

As production capacity in finished leather and leather goods is developed in Bangladesh, new jobs will be acquired, and markets will be accessed. But in our country’s cow hide quality is not good for many reasons, but the lower grade raw stock can be upgraded to a higher level by using different tanning and finishing techniques.

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